---
tags: [docker, containerization]
---

# Docker containers

## Launch a container

We launch a container by running, e.g

```sh
docker run hello-world
```

Docker looks for the `hello-world` image in order to start the container. If it
cannot find it, it will fetch the image from DockerHub.

(`docker run` assumes you are saying "run image in container" but you can
specify other Docker objects such as networks.)

The `docker run` command is actually a composite of the following two commands:

```sh
docker create --name [my_container_name] hello-world
docker start [my_container]
```

Here is an applied example:

```
docker run --name my-container debian /bin/echo "Hello, world"
```

This creates and runs a container from the Debian image and executes `/bin/echo`
inside of it. Once you have run the above line, if the process is successful it
will exit. The container will stop running but it will remain in memory. Nothing
will be output (no "Hello, world"), because when you run it, you are _outside_
of the container.

## Launch a container as a daemon

You can also run a container as a [daemon](). In this mode, the container will
run in the background and detach from the console. For example:

```sh
docker run -d debian /bin/sh -c /bin/sh -c "while true; do echo 'Hello!'; sleep 1; done"
```

Inside the container, this will echo "Hello!" every second in an infinite loop
whilst the daemon is active.

The above command will not actually output anything. Instead it wil ouput the
container ID, e.g:

```
2749d796cbd64e9cf57307329e792587c39d8244f2377e62d78f3f3f77eecdb4
```

You can use this to access the log for the container. When you do so, you will
then see the output:

```sh
docker log 2749
hello
hello
hello
...
```

(We could also use the container name to reference the container, if we launched
it with the `--name` param.)

## Stopping a container

```
docker stop 2749
```

There will be a delay because it shuts down gracefully. It sends a SIGINT to the
process in the container with PID 1 (i.e the root or parent process for the
container).

`stop` will keep the container in memory. This means you can still refer bak to
the logs and that it can be restarted.

Instead of `stop`, if you were to use:

```
docker rm 2749
```

The container will be stopped and deleted. The logs are deleted and the
container cannot be recovered.

We can also tell Docker to immediately remove a container after it exits:

```
docker run --rm [image]
```

## Interacting with containers

In the examples so far the container is a closed box. You don't have a terminal
through which you can interact with the container as you would with an OS. You
can only start the container and view its activities by accessing the logs.

For images that have an OS we can use `-i -t` to launch a terminal in
interactive mode.

```sh
docker run -i -t debian /bin/bash
root@0022da12f2f2:/# ls
bin  boot  dev	etc  home  lib	media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin	srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@0022da12f2f2:/# whoami
root
root@0022da12f2f2:/# ls usr/
bin  games  include  lib  libexec  local  sbin	share  src
```

Note that it defaults to the root user.

Containers are lightweight and should only contain the minium environment needed
to run an application. For this reason OSs that are included in an image are
often very stripped-back and many programs and processes will not be there by
default. (Although you could install a package manager and install the commands
you need.)

The previous command launches the container and enters into it with a terminal.
If a container is already running, you can enter into it in terminal mode with
`exec`:

```
docker exec -i -t my_container bash
```

If a container is running in detached mode we can attach to the main process
with `docker attach`

```
docker attach my_container
```

## Container lifecycle

![](/img/container-lifecycle.png)

All containers have a lifecycle represented by five distinct states. Each state
has an associated command:

- created
  - `docker create`, `docker run`
- running
- paused
  - `docker pause`, `docker unpause`
- stopped
  - `docker stop`, `docker kill`
- removed
  - `docker rm`

## Main container commands

```sh
docker create # create container from image
docker run # create and start container from image
docker run --name # add custom name for container
docker ps # list currently active containers
docker ps -a # list all containers (inactive and active)
docker logs # display a container log
docker stop # stop a running container
docker start # starts a stopped (exited) container
docker rm # remove a stopped (exited) container
```

## Container troubleshooting

Lots of diagnostic output:

```
docker inspect container_name
```

List processes (from outside):

```
docker top container_name
```

View logs

```
docker logs container_name
```