diff --git a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Add_Subtract_Fractions.md b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Add_Subtract_Fractions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8234a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Add_Subtract_Fractions.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +tags: + - Mathematics + - Prealgebra + - fractions + - division +--- + +# Adding and subtracting fractions + +## Adding/ subracting fractions with common denominators + +For two fractions $\frac{a}{c}$ and $\frac{b}{c}$ with a common denominator, their sum is defined as: + +$$ + \frac{a}{c} + \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a + b}{c} +$$ + +For example: + +$$ + \frac{2}{8} + \frac{3}{8} = \frac{5}{8} +$$ + +The same applies to subtraction: + +$$ + \frac{a}{c} - \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a - b}{c} +$$ + + +## Adding/ subracting fractions without common denominators + +* Find the lowest common denominator for the two fractions +* Use this to create two equivalent fractions +* Add/subtract +* Reduce + +Demonstration: $\frac{4}{9} + \frac{1}{6}$ : + +The lowest common denominator is **the smallest number divisible by both of the denominators of the fractions without remainder**. diff --git a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Dividing_fractions.md b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Dividing_fractions.md index 459bf4a..5a12a45 100644 --- a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Dividing_fractions.md +++ b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Dividing_fractions.md @@ -6,23 +6,26 @@ tags: - division --- +# Dividing fractions + Suppose you have the following shape: -![draw.io-Page-9.drawio 1.png](../../img/draw.io-Page-9.drawio%201.png) +![draw.io-Page-9.drawio 1.png](../../img/draw.io-Page-9.drawio.png) One part is shaded. This represents one-eighth of the original shape. ![one-eighth-a.png](../../img/one-eighth-a.png) -Now imagine there are four instances of the shape and one-eighth remains shaded. How man one-eighths are there in four? +Now imagine there are four instances of the shape and one-eighth remains shaded. How man one-eighths are there in four? -![draw.io-Page-9.drawio 2.png](../../img/draw.io-Page-9.drawio%202.png) +![draw.io-Page-9.drawio 2.png](../../img/draw.io-Page-9.drawio.png) The shaded proportion represents $\frac{1}{8}$ of the shape. Imagine four of these shapes, how many eighths are there? This is a division statement: to find how many one-eighths there are we would calculate: + $$ -4 \div \frac{1}{8} +4 \div \frac{1}{8} $$ But actually it makes more sense to think of this as a multiplication. There are four shapes of eight parts meaning there are $4 \cdot 8$ parts in total, 32. One of these parts is shaded making it equal to $\frac{1}{32}$. @@ -33,37 +36,37 @@ $$ 4 \div \frac{1}{8} = 4 \cdot 8 = 32 $$ -Note that we omit the numerator but that technically the answer would be $\frac{1}{32}$. +Note that we omit the numerator but that technically the answer would be $\frac{1}{32}$. ### Formal specification of how to divide fractions We combine the foregoing (that it is easier to divide by fractional amounts using multiplication) with the concept of a [reciprocol](Reciprocals.md) to arrive at a definitive method for dividing two fractions. -It boils down to: *invert and multiply*: +It boils down to: _invert and multiply_: - > - > If $\frac{a}{b}$ and $\frac{c}{d}$ are fractions then: $$\frac{a}{b} \div \frac{c}{d} = \frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{d}{c}$$ +If $\frac{a}{b}$ and $\frac{c}{d}$ are fractions then: $$\frac{a}{b} \div \frac{c}{d} = \frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{d}{c}$$ -We invert the divisor (the second factor) and change the operator from division to multiplication. +We invert the divisor (the second factor) and change the operator from division to multiplication. #### Demonstration -*Divide $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{5}$* +Divide $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{5}$ $$ -\\begin{split} -\\frac{1}{2} \div \frac{3}{5} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5}{3} \\ +\begin{split} +\frac{1}{2} \div \frac{3}{5} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5}{3} \\ = \frac{5}{5} -\\end{split} +\end{split} $$ -*Divide $\frac{-6}{x}$ by $\frac{-12}{x^2}$* +Divide $\frac{-6}{x}$ by $\frac{-12}{x^2}$ $$ -\\begin{split} -\\frac{-6}{x} \div \frac{12}{x^2} = \frac{-6}{x} \cdot \frac{x^2}{-12} \\ = -\\frac{(\cancel{3} \cdot \cancel{2} )}{\cancel{x}} \cdot \frac{(\cancel{x} \cdot \cancel{x} )}{\cancel{3} \cdot \cancel{2} \cdot 2} \\ = -\\frac{x}{2} +\begin{split} +\frac{-6}{x} \div \frac{12}{x^2} = \frac{-6}{x} \cdot \frac{x^2}{-12} \\ = +\frac{(\cancel{3} \cdot \cancel{2} )}{\cancel{x}} \cdot \frac{(\cancel{x} \cdot \cancel{x} )}{\cancel{3} \cdot \cancel{2} \cdot 2} \\ = +\frac{x}{2} + +\end{split} -\\end{split} $$ diff --git a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Handling_negative_fractions.md b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Handling_negative_fractions.md index b642a61..4fc5fbe 100644 --- a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Handling_negative_fractions.md +++ b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Handling_negative_fractions.md @@ -6,31 +6,33 @@ tags: - negative-numbers --- +# Negative fractions + To work with negative fractions we draw on the [Rules for operations on like and unlike terms](Rules%20for%20operations%20on%20like%20and%20unlike%20terms.md). ## Fractions with unlike terms -* A fraction is just one number divided by another. $\frac{5}{10}$ is just ten divided by 5. +- A fraction is just one number divided by another. $\frac{5}{10}$ is just ten divided by 5. -* A positive integer divided by a negative or vice versa will always result in a negative. Thus $\frac{5}{-15}$ is equal to $-3$. +- A positive integer divided by a negative or vice versa will always result in a negative. Thus $\frac{5}{-15}$ is equal to $-3$. + +- We can therefore express the whole fraction as a negative: -* We can therefore express the whole fraction as a negative: $$ - \frac{5}{15} - $$ + $$ -* Or we could apply the negative symbol to the numerator. It would stand for the same value: +- Or we could apply the negative symbol to the numerator. It would stand for the same value: $$ \\frac{-5}{15} $$ Therefore: - > - > Let $a,b$ be any integers. The following three fractions are [equivalent](Equivalent%20fractions.md): $$\frac{-5}{15}, \frac{5}{-15}, - \frac{5}{15}$$ +> Let $a,b$ be any integers. The following three fractions are [equivalent](Equivalent%20fractions.md): $$\frac{-5}{15}, \frac{5}{-15}, - \frac{5}{15}$$ ## Fractions with like terms -* In cases where both the numerator and denominator are both negative, the value that the fraction represents will be positive overall. This is because the quotient of a negative integer divided by a negative integer will always be positive. +- In cases where both the numerator and denominator are both negative, the value that the fraction represents will be positive overall. This is because the quotient of a negative integer divided by a negative integer will always be positive. -* Thus: $$ \frac{- 12xy^2}{ - 18xy^2} = \frac{12xy^2}{18xy^2}$$ +- Thus: $$ \frac{- 12xy^2}{ - 18xy^2} = \frac{12xy^2}{18xy^2}$$ diff --git a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Least_common_denominator.md b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Least_common_denominator.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Reciprocals.md b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Reciprocals.md index 6143b62..7b54c35 100644 --- a/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Reciprocals.md +++ b/Mathematics/Prealgebra/Reciprocals.md @@ -7,21 +7,22 @@ tags: - theorems-axioms-laws --- +# Recipricols + The [Property of Multiplicative Identity](Multiplicative%20identity.md) applies to fractions as well as to whole numbers: $$ -\\frac{a}{b} \cdot 1 = \frac{a}{b} +\frac{a}{b} \cdot 1 = \frac{a}{b} $$ With fractions there is a related property: the **Multiplicative Inverse**. - > - > If $\frac{a}{b}$ is any fraction, the fraction $\frac{b}{a}$ is called the *multiplicative inverse* or *reciprocol* of $\frac{a}{b}$. The product of a fraction multiplied by its reciprocol will always be 1. $$ \frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{b}{a} = 1$$ +> If $\frac{a}{b}$ is any fraction, the fraction $\frac{b}{a}$ is called the _multiplicative inverse_ or _reciprocol_ of $\frac{a}{b}$. The product of a fraction multiplied by its reciprocol will always be 1. $$ \frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{b}{a} = 1$$ For example: $$ -\\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{4}{3} = \frac{12}{12} = 1 +\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{4}{3} = \frac{12}{12} = 1 $$ In this case $\frac{4}{3}$ is the reciprocol or multiplicative inverse of $\frac{3}{4}$. diff --git a/pdf/Algorithmic_complexity.pdf b/pdf/Algorithmic_complexity.pdf index 6b34d33..3cb41f0 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Algorithmic_complexity.pdf and b/pdf/Algorithmic_complexity.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Arrays.pdf b/pdf/Arrays.pdf index 17be2aa..55bc46f 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Arrays.pdf and b/pdf/Arrays.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Assembly_programs.pdf b/pdf/Assembly_programs.pdf index 486b575..43631a7 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Assembly_programs.pdf and b/pdf/Assembly_programs.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Atomic_and_molecular_sentences.pdf b/pdf/Atomic_and_molecular_sentences.pdf index 164de13..2d98119 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Atomic_and_molecular_sentences.pdf and b/pdf/Atomic_and_molecular_sentences.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Axioms_of_set_theory.pdf b/pdf/Axioms_of_set_theory.pdf index 029005a..b6c1b7f 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Axioms_of_set_theory.pdf and b/pdf/Axioms_of_set_theory.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Basic_database_concepts.pdf b/pdf/Basic_database_concepts.pdf index 398aaf5..258b957 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Basic_database_concepts.pdf and b/pdf/Basic_database_concepts.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Basic_properties_of_sets.pdf b/pdf/Basic_properties_of_sets.pdf index e23f20c..858f3bd 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Basic_properties_of_sets.pdf and b/pdf/Basic_properties_of_sets.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Biconditional_Elimination.pdf b/pdf/Biconditional_Elimination.pdf index 781eba4..75522d3 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Biconditional_Elimination.pdf and b/pdf/Biconditional_Elimination.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Biconditional_Introduction.pdf b/pdf/Biconditional_Introduction.pdf index eabd7e0..eaf8bae 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Biconditional_Introduction.pdf and b/pdf/Biconditional_Introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Binary_arithmetic.pdf b/pdf/Binary_arithmetic.pdf index 518f5b5..f507bac 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Binary_arithmetic.pdf and b/pdf/Binary_arithmetic.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Binary_arithmetic_with_circuits.pdf b/pdf/Binary_arithmetic_with_circuits.pdf index 0809260..3ac5ca0 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Binary_arithmetic_with_circuits.pdf and b/pdf/Binary_arithmetic_with_circuits.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Bits,_bytes,_nibbles.pdf b/pdf/Bits,_bytes,_nibbles.pdf index e3e61a8..ccb4b97 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Bits,_bytes,_nibbles.pdf and b/pdf/Bits,_bytes,_nibbles.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Compile_from_source.pdf b/pdf/Compile_from_source.pdf index c042c67..50b17b3 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Compile_from_source.pdf and b/pdf/Compile_from_source.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Conditional_Elimination.pdf b/pdf/Conditional_Elimination.pdf index fa49f2e..ddec612 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Conditional_Elimination.pdf and b/pdf/Conditional_Elimination.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Conditional_Introduction.pdf b/pdf/Conditional_Introduction.pdf index 485c7cf..85a1797 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Conditional_Introduction.pdf and b/pdf/Conditional_Introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Conjunction_Elimination.pdf b/pdf/Conjunction_Elimination.pdf index 5e7c72f..6478e4c 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Conjunction_Elimination.pdf and b/pdf/Conjunction_Elimination.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Conjunction_Introduction.pdf b/pdf/Conjunction_Introduction.pdf index c651743..d9ef8c2 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Conjunction_Introduction.pdf and b/pdf/Conjunction_Introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Defining_a_computer.pdf b/pdf/Defining_a_computer.pdf index 07bed7e..f02299f 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Defining_a_computer.pdf and b/pdf/Defining_a_computer.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Design_features_of_language.pdf b/pdf/Design_features_of_language.pdf index 4fe85b4..0fdaea3 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Design_features_of_language.pdf and b/pdf/Design_features_of_language.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Disjunction_Elimination.pdf b/pdf/Disjunction_Elimination.pdf index 364e5d9..52a34f6 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Disjunction_Elimination.pdf and b/pdf/Disjunction_Elimination.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Disjunction_Introduction.pdf b/pdf/Disjunction_Introduction.pdf index ef8faef..e1a50d2 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Disjunction_Introduction.pdf and b/pdf/Disjunction_Introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/HTTP_request_types.pdf b/pdf/HTTP_request_types.pdf index 5a90920..62f81e8 100644 Binary files a/pdf/HTTP_request_types.pdf and b/pdf/HTTP_request_types.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Indeterminacy.pdf b/pdf/Indeterminacy.pdf index aa210d6..6082265 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Indeterminacy.pdf and b/pdf/Indeterminacy.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Law_of_the_Excluded_Middle.pdf b/pdf/Law_of_the_Excluded_Middle.pdf index 61ea48d..6075aba 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Law_of_the_Excluded_Middle.pdf and b/pdf/Law_of_the_Excluded_Middle.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Logic_circuits.pdf b/pdf/Logic_circuits.pdf index b700708..316c97d 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Logic_circuits.pdf and b/pdf/Logic_circuits.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Logic_gates.pdf b/pdf/Logic_gates.pdf index 9f7352c..fc7c736 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Logic_gates.pdf and b/pdf/Logic_gates.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Logical_possibility_and_necessity.pdf b/pdf/Logical_possibility_and_necessity.pdf index a325e11..20b6abe 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Logical_possibility_and_necessity.pdf and b/pdf/Logical_possibility_and_necessity.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Lovelace_quote.pdf b/pdf/Lovelace_quote.pdf index bd01d4f..d2647dd 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Lovelace_quote.pdf and b/pdf/Lovelace_quote.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Morphology.pdf b/pdf/Morphology.pdf index 8c91cfd..a1b1759 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Morphology.pdf and b/pdf/Morphology.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Negation_Elimination.pdf b/pdf/Negation_Elimination.pdf index 0cf71d8..6731a89 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Negation_Elimination.pdf and b/pdf/Negation_Elimination.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Negation_Introduction.pdf b/pdf/Negation_Introduction.pdf index d017542..ffaece5 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Negation_Introduction.pdf and b/pdf/Negation_Introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Object_language_and_meta-language.pdf b/pdf/Object_language_and_meta-language.pdf index 6f4e537..f4d0c3a 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Object_language_and_meta-language.pdf and b/pdf/Object_language_and_meta-language.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Package_management_in_Arch.pdf b/pdf/Package_management_in_Arch.pdf index 556aec9..cb6c27a 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Package_management_in_Arch.pdf and b/pdf/Package_management_in_Arch.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Primary_key.pdf b/pdf/Primary_key.pdf index 66dd6bd..f88ba84 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Primary_key.pdf and b/pdf/Primary_key.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Queue.pdf b/pdf/Queue.pdf index aaaf40e..ae979cc 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Queue.pdf and b/pdf/Queue.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/RESTful_APIs.pdf b/pdf/RESTful_APIs.pdf index 7658a6f..bbf94cf 100644 Binary files a/pdf/RESTful_APIs.pdf and b/pdf/RESTful_APIs.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Recursion.pdf b/pdf/Recursion.pdf index 220fdb2..2dc0cba 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Recursion.pdf and b/pdf/Recursion.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Reiteration.pdf b/pdf/Reiteration.pdf index 6a88328..000bf73 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Reiteration.pdf and b/pdf/Reiteration.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/SQL_syntax.pdf b/pdf/SQL_syntax.pdf index ecc25a0..ce550da 100644 Binary files a/pdf/SQL_syntax.pdf and b/pdf/SQL_syntax.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Semantic_versioning.pdf b/pdf/Semantic_versioning.pdf index a815d01..ce6a239 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Semantic_versioning.pdf and b/pdf/Semantic_versioning.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Soundness.pdf b/pdf/Soundness.pdf index 6a1599a..72f7052 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Soundness.pdf and b/pdf/Soundness.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Stacks.pdf b/pdf/Stacks.pdf index 07e421a..939f032 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Stacks.pdf and b/pdf/Stacks.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Syllogism.pdf b/pdf/Syllogism.pdf index ddc359f..0c63c18 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Syllogism.pdf and b/pdf/Syllogism.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/The_Pragmatic_Programmer_1999.pdf b/pdf/The_Pragmatic_Programmer_1999.pdf index 072bc77..0e10020 100644 Binary files a/pdf/The_Pragmatic_Programmer_1999.pdf and b/pdf/The_Pragmatic_Programmer_1999.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/The_binary_number_system.pdf b/pdf/The_binary_number_system.pdf index fd59a1e..4b9130b 100644 Binary files a/pdf/The_binary_number_system.pdf and b/pdf/The_binary_number_system.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Theorems_and_empty_sets.pdf b/pdf/Theorems_and_empty_sets.pdf index 41c5c8e..2e3a390 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Theorems_and_empty_sets.pdf and b/pdf/Theorems_and_empty_sets.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Turing_machines.pdf b/pdf/Turing_machines.pdf index 4b40a8b..4108017 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Turing_machines.pdf and b/pdf/Turing_machines.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/User_management.pdf b/pdf/User_management.pdf index 02cd1a4..b65b0dd 100644 Binary files a/pdf/User_management.pdf and b/pdf/User_management.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Von_Neumann_architecture.pdf b/pdf/Von_Neumann_architecture.pdf index 822fcc8..55d8128 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Von_Neumann_architecture.pdf and b/pdf/Von_Neumann_architecture.pdf differ diff --git a/pdf/Why_computers_use_binary.pdf b/pdf/Why_computers_use_binary.pdf index 48fb9cb..d5d2c09 100644 Binary files a/pdf/Why_computers_use_binary.pdf and b/pdf/Why_computers_use_binary.pdf differ