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					@ -45,6 +45,6 @@ A digital system represents data as a sequence of symbols where each symbol is o
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Computers only use two symbols for each value: 0 and 1.
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					Computers only use two symbols for each value: 0 and 1.
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Although a digital system could use more than two symbols, adding more would [increase the complexity](/Hardware/Binary/Why_computers_use_binary.md#from-circuits-to-programs) and cost of the system. A set of only two symbols allows for simplified hardware and improved reliability.
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					Although a digital system could use more than two symbols, adding more would [increase the complexity](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Binary/Why_computers_use_binary.md#from-circuits-to-programs) and cost of the system. A set of only two symbols allows for simplified hardware and improved reliability.
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All data within a computer from images to sounds are sequences of 0s and 1s. In practice, the sequences are stored in various ways. On a CD, the binary digits are stored as bumps (0) or flat spaces (1). On a flash drive, the 1s and 0s are electrical charges etc.
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					All data within a computer from images to sounds are sequences of 0s and 1s. In practice, the sequences are stored in various ways. On a CD, the binary digits are stored as bumps (0) or flat spaces (1). On a flash drive, the 1s and 0s are electrical charges etc.
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					@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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title: Binary encoding
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					title: Binary encoding
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categories:
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					categories:
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  - Computer Architecture
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					  - Computer Architecture
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tags: [binary]
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					tags: [binary, binary-encoding]
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---
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					---
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# Binary encoding
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					# Binary encoding
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					@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags: [logic-gates, binary, memory]
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# Creating memory with NAND gates
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					# Creating memory with NAND gates
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The [logic circuit](/Hardware/Logic_Gates/Logic_circuits.md) below demonstrates how memory can be created using [NAND](/Hardware/Logic_Gates/Nand_gate.md) gates. A single bit is stored in memory.
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					The [logic circuit](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Digital_circuits/Digital_circuits.md) below demonstrates how memory can be created using [NAND](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Logic_gates/Logic_gates.md#nand-gate) gates. A single bit is stored in memory.
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Interactive version of circuit:
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					Interactive version of circuit:
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					@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ tags: [logic-gates, binary]
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> [A logic gate consists in] three connections where there may or may not be some electricity. Two of those connections are places where electricity may be put into the device, and the third connection is a place where electricity may come out of the device. (Scott, 2009 p.21)
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					> [A logic gate consists in] three connections where there may or may not be some electricity. Two of those connections are places where electricity may be put into the device, and the third connection is a place where electricity may come out of the device. (Scott, 2009 p.21)
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Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital computing. **A logic gate is an electrical circuit that has one or more than one input and only one output.** The input controls the output and the logic determining which types of input (on/off) lead to specific outputs (on/off) is identical to the truth-conditions of the [Boolean connectives](/Logic/Truth-functional_connectives.md) specifiable in terms of [truth-tables](/Logic/Truth-tables.md).
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					Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital computing. **A logic gate is an electrical circuit that has one or more than one input and only one output.** The input controls the output and the logic determining which types of input (on/off) lead to specific outputs (on/off) is identical to the truth-conditions of the [Boolean connectives](/Logic/Truth-functional_connectives.md) specifiable in terms of [truth-tables](/Logic/Truth-tables.md).
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Physically, what 'travels through' the gates is electrical current and what constitutes the 'gate' is a [transistor](/Electronics/Digital_Circuits/Transistors.md) responding to the current. At the next level of abstraction it is bits that go into the gate and bits which come out: binary information that may be either 1 or 0.
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					Physically, what 'travels through' the gates is electrical current and what constitutes the 'gate' is a [transistor](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Digital_circuits/Transistors.md) responding to the current. At the next level of abstraction it is bits that go into the gate and bits which come out: binary information that may be either 1 or 0.
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## NOT gate
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					## NOT gate
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					@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ tags: [motherboard]
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<img src="../img/motherboard-pi.jpg" width="400px"/>
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					<img src="../img/motherboard-pi.jpg" width="400px"/>
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The motherboard is the foundation of a computer. It allocates power and allows communication to and between the [CPU](./../Computer_Architecture/CPU/Von_Neumann_architecture.md), [RAM](../Hardware/Memory/Basics.md), [harddisk](/Operating_Systems/Disks.md) and all other hardware components.
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					The motherboard is the foundation of a computer. It allocates power and allows communication to and between the [CPU](/Computer_Architecture/CPU/Von_Neumann_architecture.md), [RAM](/Computer_Architecture/Memory/Memory.md), [harddisk](/Operating_Systems/Disks/What_are_disks.md) and all other hardware components.
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It is a printed circuit board and is always the largest board within the computer chassis.
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					It is a printed circuit board and is always the largest board within the computer chassis.
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					@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ We know that charge is an innate property of all charged fundamental particles.
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## Magnetism
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					## Magnetism
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> Magnetism is a physical property produced by the _motion_ of electric charge, which of course, is the same thing as [electric current](/Electronics/Current.md)
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					> Magnetism is a physical property produced by the _motion_ of electric charge, which of course, is the same thing as [electric current](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Analogue_circuits/Current.md)
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A **magnet** is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This field is invisible but visible by its effects: pulling on other magnetic materials such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt etc and attracting or repelling other magnets.
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					A **magnet** is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This field is invisible but visible by its effects: pulling on other magnetic materials such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt etc and attracting or repelling other magnets.
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					@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags: [physics, electricity, electrical-resistance]
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# Ohm's Law
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					# Ohm's Law
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The relationship between [current](/Electronics/Current.md), [voltage](/Electronics/Voltage.md), and [resistance](/Electronics/Resistance.md) is defined by Ohm's Law:
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					The relationship between [current](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Analogue_circuits/Current.md), [voltage](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Analogue_circuits/Voltage.md), and [resistance](/Electronics_and_Hardware/Analogue_circuits/Resistance.md) is defined by Ohm's Law:
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> The current flowing from one point to another is equal to the voltage accross these points divided by the resistance between them.
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					> The current flowing from one point to another is equal to the voltage accross these points divided by the resistance between them.
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					@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ _Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective Third Ed._ (2016) Bryant and O'Hal
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[How do transistors work, anyway?](https://lcamtuf.substack.com/p/how-do-transistors-work-anyway)
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					[How do transistors work, anyway?](https://lcamtuf.substack.com/p/how-do-transistors-work-anyway)
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					[NAND latch](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/nandlatch.html)
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## Linux
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					## Linux
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_How Linux Works: What Every Superuser Should Know_ (2021) Brian Ward
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					_How Linux Works: What Every Superuser Should Know_ (2021) Brian Ward
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