diff --git a/zk/Basic_model_of_the_operating_system.md b/zk/Basic_model_of_the_operating_system.md index d697867..3de925a 100644 --- a/zk/Basic_model_of_the_operating_system.md +++ b/zk/Basic_model_of_the_operating_system.md @@ -1,41 +1,35 @@ --- tags: - operating-systems - - Linux + - linux --- -# Basic model of a nix operating system +# Basic model of a \*nix operating system We can abstract the Linux OS into three operational levels or tiers, from the bottom up: -
-
User processes: user space
-
The running programs that the kernel manages. Also known as the user space which is the memory that the kernal assigns for user processes. Comprising: - -
Kernel: kernel space
- -
The core of the operating system. Software residing in memory that tells the CPU where to look for its next task. Acts as a mediator and primary interface between the hardware and the user processes. Known as kernel space: the memory that the kernel allocates for itself. Comprising: - -
-
Hardware
-
The base: one or more CPUs and RAM memory performing computations and writing to memory. Comprising: - -
+- **User processes: user space** + - The running programs that the kernel manages. Also known as the user space + which is the memory that the kernel assigns for user processes. Comprising: + - Graphical user interface + - Servers + - Shell -!! Add info on kernel mode and user mode -https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/user-mode-and-kernel-mode-switching/ +- **Kernel: kernel space** + - The core of the operating system. Software residing in memory that tells the + CPU where to look for its next task. Acts as a mediator and primary + interface between the hardware and the user processes. Known as kernel + space: the memory that the kernel allocates for itself. Comprising: + - System calls + - Process management + - Memory management + - Device drivers + +- **Hardware** + - The base: one or more CPUs and RAM memory performing computations and + writing to memory. Comprising: + - Processor (CPU) + - Main memory (RAM) + - Disks + - Network ports diff --git a/zk/Bluetooth.md b/zk/Bluetooth.md index 9dbe522..382d915 100644 --- a/zk/Bluetooth.md +++ b/zk/Bluetooth.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ tags: - networks - procedural - bluetooth - - Linux + - linux --- # Bluetooth diff --git a/zk/Compile_from_source.md b/zk/Compile_from_source.md index 34c71f5..85da57d 100644 --- a/zk/Compile_from_source.md +++ b/zk/Compile_from_source.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [Linux, procedural] +tags: [linux, procedural] --- # Compile package from source diff --git a/zk/Containerization.md b/zk/Containerization.md index ae05c30..177e7b3 100644 --- a/zk/Containerization.md +++ b/zk/Containerization.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [docker, containerization, Linux] +tags: [docker, containerization, linux] --- # Containerizaton @@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ increased the speed of transport. particular implementation of containerization that simplifies the process and bases it on a standardised specification. -- Containers are native to the Linux [kernal](The_kernel.md) - and are key part of how it works. Thus when you run containers on Linux, you - are using native capability. When you use containers on Windows or Mac you - have to run a virtual version of Linux in order to exploit the capabilities of - that kernel. (Docker provides this) +- Containers are native to the Linux [kernal](The_kernel.md) and are key part of + how it works. Thus when you run containers on Linux, you are using native + capability. When you use containers on Windows or Mac you have to run a + virtual version of Linux in order to exploit the capabilities of that kernel. + (Docker provides this) ## How containers work @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ groups). example a container is ignorant of the underlying operating system and network, by default. -In ordinary [user space](User_Space.md) applications share -the _same_ processor, memory and file system resources. This increases the -likelihood of resourcing challenges, dependency conflicts and security threats. -Without modularisation and the titration of resources, you are opened up to much -greater possibility of failure. +In ordinary [user space](User_Space.md) applications share the _same_ processor, +memory and file system resources. This increases the likelihood of resourcing +challenges, dependency conflicts and security threats. Without modularisation +and the titration of resources, you are opened up to much greater possibility of +failure. For example one application could fill up the harddrive preventing other applications from writing to it. One application can "bring down" another diff --git a/zk/Create_timed_systemd_job.md b/zk/Create_timed_systemd_job.md index 9150e40..785f23a 100644 --- a/zk/Create_timed_systemd_job.md +++ b/zk/Create_timed_systemd_job.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ tags: - systems-programming - systemd - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Creating_a_Linux_partition_table.md b/zk/Creating_a_Linux_partition_table.md index def456e..493b02a 100644 --- a/zk/Creating_a_Linux_partition_table.md +++ b/zk/Creating_a_Linux_partition_table.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - disks - - Linux + - linux created: Monday, May 06, 2024 --- diff --git a/zk/Cron.md b/zk/Cron.md index 02beace..8a332dd 100644 --- a/zk/Cron.md +++ b/zk/Cron.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - shell - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Debian_package_management.md b/zk/Debian_package_management.md index 68f50bb..07da18b 100644 --- a/zk/Debian_package_management.md +++ b/zk/Debian_package_management.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - Debian --- diff --git a/zk/Delete_and_replace_characters_from_stdout_with_tr.md b/zk/Delete_and_replace_characters_from_stdout_with_tr.md index 0ee3039..7897844 100644 --- a/zk/Delete_and_replace_characters_from_stdout_with_tr.md +++ b/zk/Delete_and_replace_characters_from_stdout_with_tr.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Devices.md b/zk/Devices.md index e06b215..d175b88 100644 --- a/zk/Devices.md +++ b/zk/Devices.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - computer-architecture - - Linux + - linux --- # Devices diff --git a/zk/Disk_info.md b/zk/Disk_info.md index 758efc8..54b0ce4 100644 --- a/zk/Disk_info.md +++ b/zk/Disk_info.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ tags: - systems-programming - disks - procedural - - Linux + - linux --- # Disk info routines diff --git a/zk/File_permissions_in_Linux.md b/zk/File_permissions_in_Linux.md index 72ff245..064931e 100644 --- a/zk/File_permissions_in_Linux.md +++ b/zk/File_permissions_in_Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [Linux, permissions] +tags: [linux, permissions] created: Friday, April 11, 2025 --- diff --git a/zk/Foreground_and_background_processes.md b/zk/Foreground_and_background_processes.md index 391274c..189af00 100644 --- a/zk/Foreground_and_background_processes.md +++ b/zk/Foreground_and_background_processes.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux --- ## Use `&` to send a process to background diff --git a/zk/Headless_Raspi_network_setup.md b/zk/Headless_Raspi_network_setup.md index e976b9a..0e93c71 100644 --- a/zk/Headless_Raspi_network_setup.md +++ b/zk/Headless_Raspi_network_setup.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ id: hb10 tags: - networks - - Linux + - linux - raspberry-pi - procedural created: Wednesday, June 12, 2024 diff --git a/zk/Linux_disk_partitions.md b/zk/Linux_disk_partitions.md index 65d0bbb..29d4e97 100644 --- a/zk/Linux_disk_partitions.md +++ b/zk/Linux_disk_partitions.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - disks - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Memory_Management_Unit.md b/zk/Memory_Management_Unit.md index 9ff4e5d..d94c848 100644 --- a/zk/Memory_Management_Unit.md +++ b/zk/Memory_Management_Unit.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [memory, Linux] +tags: [memory, linux] created: Monday, July 08, 2024 --- diff --git a/zk/Monitoring_processes_and_resources.md b/zk/Monitoring_processes_and_resources.md index ab901d0..733a0ab 100644 --- a/zk/Monitoring_processes_and_resources.md +++ b/zk/Monitoring_processes_and_resources.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - systems-programming - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Network_scanning.md b/zk/Network_scanning.md index f93039e..f450b41 100644 --- a/zk/Network_scanning.md +++ b/zk/Network_scanning.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- id: ippn -tags: [networks, procedural, Linux, dns] +tags: [networks, procedural, linux, dns] created: Monday, June 10, 2024 --- diff --git a/zk/Pacman.md b/zk/Pacman.md index f774398..c498f21 100644 --- a/zk/Pacman.md +++ b/zk/Pacman.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural - arch-linux --- diff --git a/zk/Repair_disks-with_fsck.md b/zk/Repair_disks-with_fsck.md index 959fac6..fb92f06 100644 --- a/zk/Repair_disks-with_fsck.md +++ b/zk/Repair_disks-with_fsck.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [disks, procedural, Linux] -created: Saturday, April 26, 2025 +tags: [disks, procedural, linux] --- # Repair disks with fsck diff --git a/zk/Save_readonly_Vim_file.md b/zk/Save_readonly_Vim_file.md index 8f7d441..7e0f40e 100644 --- a/zk/Save_readonly_Vim_file.md +++ b/zk/Save_readonly_Vim_file.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Set_DNS_settings.md b/zk/Set_DNS_settings.md index 5261301..b7e5167 100644 --- a/zk/Set_DNS_settings.md +++ b/zk/Set_DNS_settings.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- id: 2w0e -tags: [Linux, networks] +tags: [linux, networks] created: Wednesday, June 12, 2024 --- diff --git a/zk/Silence_output_in_Curl.md b/zk/Silence_output_in_Curl.md index 3d2ac8f..06d9d19 100644 --- a/zk/Silence_output_in_Curl.md +++ b/zk/Silence_output_in_Curl.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ tags: - procedural - curl - - Linux + - linux --- # Silence output in `curl` diff --git a/zk/Sudoers_file.md b/zk/Sudoers_file.md index 849cc48..e1f3452 100644 --- a/zk/Sudoers_file.md +++ b/zk/Sudoers_file.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Swap_space.md b/zk/Swap_space.md index a529a86..9fa21ff 100644 --- a/zk/Swap_space.md +++ b/zk/Swap_space.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ tags: - memory - disks - - Linux + - linux - operating-systems --- @@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ To use an existing disk partition as a swap you can run the command ### Add to `fstab` You will want the swap to be activated every time the OS boots so add the -following line to the [fstab](Filesystems.md#fstab), -where `/sda3` is used as the example partition: +following line to the [fstab](Filesystems.md#fstab), where `/sda3` is used as +the example partition: ```bash /dev/sda3e none swap sw 0 0 diff --git a/zk/Symlinks.md b/zk/Symlinks.md index 3dd2d32..ce5d85d 100644 --- a/zk/Symlinks.md +++ b/zk/Symlinks.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - shell - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/Timed_systemd_units.md b/zk/Timed_systemd_units.md index eadfe3a..7388f6a 100644 --- a/zk/Timed_systemd_units.md +++ b/zk/Timed_systemd_units.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural - systemd --- diff --git a/zk/Truncate_stdout_with_cut.md b/zk/Truncate_stdout_with_cut.md index 5571132..e1647b1 100644 --- a/zk/Truncate_stdout_with_cut.md +++ b/zk/Truncate_stdout_with_cut.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/User_management_in_Linux.md b/zk/User_management_in_Linux.md index 4fc8682..fc97876 100644 --- a/zk/User_management_in_Linux.md +++ b/zk/User_management_in_Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/View_IP_addresses.md b/zk/View_IP_addresses.md index 4f9b0f1..7fefc2b 100644 --- a/zk/View_IP_addresses.md +++ b/zk/View_IP_addresses.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [networks, procedural, Linux] -created: Friday, January 10, 2025 +tags: [networks, procedural, linux] --- # View IP addresses diff --git a/zk/VirtualMemory.md b/zk/VirtualMemory.md index 9820eb9..f70a4ff 100644 --- a/zk/VirtualMemory.md +++ b/zk/VirtualMemory.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - memory - - Linux + - linux - kernel --- diff --git a/zk/chmod.md b/zk/chmod.md index e77cac2..3195b5b 100644 --- a/zk/chmod.md +++ b/zk/chmod.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [permissions, Linux] -created: Friday, April 11, 2025 +tags: [permissions, linux] --- Modify file permissions. diff --git a/zk/chown.md b/zk/chown.md index 8839b17..58e091e 100644 --- a/zk/chown.md +++ b/zk/chown.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [permissions, Linux] -created: Friday, April 11, 2025 +tags: [permissions, linux] --- # chown diff --git a/zk/journalctl.md b/zk/journalctl.md index 0f50b98..cc6a05a 100644 --- a/zk/journalctl.md +++ b/zk/journalctl.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [Linux, procedural, logs] +tags: [linux, procedural, logs] created: Thursday, April 24, 2025 --- diff --git a/zk/journald.md b/zk/journald.md index c75e270..528ad89 100644 --- a/zk/journald.md +++ b/zk/journald.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - systems-programming - - Linux + - linux - procedural --- diff --git a/zk/mosquitto_mqtt_client.md b/zk/mosquitto_mqtt_client.md index f49c3a7..ef463e4 100644 --- a/zk/mosquitto_mqtt_client.md +++ b/zk/mosquitto_mqtt_client.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- tags: - - Linux + - linux - Debian - mqtt --- diff --git a/zk/ps.md b/zk/ps.md index 357402f..432ba85 100644 --- a/zk/ps.md +++ b/zk/ps.md @@ -1,13 +1,12 @@ --- tags: - shell - - Linux + - linux --- # Processes (`ps`) -`ps` allows us to control [user processes](The_kernel.md) -from the shell. +`ps` allows us to control [user processes](The_kernel.md) from the shell. The command in its most minimal application returns the following diff --git a/zk/rsync.md b/zk/rsync.md index c29d78f..3a07281 100644 --- a/zk/rsync.md +++ b/zk/rsync.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [file-transfer, Linux, procedural, disks] -created: Saturday, April 26, 2025 +tags: [file-transfer, linux, procedural, disks] --- # rsync diff --git a/zk/scp.md b/zk/scp.md index ea8e3e3..39aee8f 100644 --- a/zk/scp.md +++ b/zk/scp.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ --- -tags: [file-transfer, Linux, procedural, servers] -created: Sunday, April 27, 2025 +tags: [file-transfer, linux, procedural, servers] --- # scp diff --git a/zk/systemd.md b/zk/systemd.md index 0aa08b5..b295238 100644 --- a/zk/systemd.md +++ b/zk/systemd.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- tags: - systems-programming - - Linux + - linux - procedural - systemd - operating-systems diff --git a/zk/systemd_status.md b/zk/systemd_status.md index fd79e52..2d8cee6 100644 --- a/zk/systemd_status.md +++ b/zk/systemd_status.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ id: v5f6xkdv tags: - systemd - systems-programming - - Linux + - linux - procedural created: Thursday, February 29, 2024 | 18:19 ---