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---
categories:
- Electronics
tags: [logic-gates, binary]
---
# Half adder

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# Integrated circuits
An integrated circuit (IC) is a single unit that comprises several logic gates designed for the easy construction of [digital circuits](/Electronics/Digital_circuits.md). The terms "integrated circuit" and "chip" are often used interchangeably.
An integrated circuit (IC) is a single unit that comprises several logic gates designed for the easy construction of [digital circuits](/Electronics/Digital_Circuits/Digital_circuits.md). The terms "integrated circuit" and "chip" are often used interchangeably.
An IC puts the gates on a single piece of silicon that has electrical contact points called pins. The type we will look at are called **dual in-line packages** (DIPs). They are rectangular wth two parallel rows of pins. The pins make it easy to connect DIPs to a breadboard.

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title: Transistors
categories:
- Computer Architecture
- Electronics
- Hardware
tags: [logic-gates, binary, memory]
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# Transistors
In the discussion of [digital circuits](/Electronics/Digital_circuits.md) we noted that a digital circuit requires that electrical phenomena be treated as discrete rather than continuous values. Although a given voltage at a point in the circuit can vary widely, in order to represent the binary states of 'on' and 'off' we need it to remain fixed within certain narrow parameters. Typically a voltage between 2V - 5V for the 'on' state and a voltage between 0V - 0.8V for the 'off' state.
In the discussion of [digital circuits](/Electronics/Digital_Circuits/Digital_circuits.md) we noted that a digital circuit requires that electrical phenomena be treated as discrete rather than continuous values. Although a given voltage at a point in the circuit can vary widely, in order to represent the binary states of 'on' and 'off' we need it to remain fixed within certain narrow parameters. Typically a voltage between 2V - 5V for the 'on' state and a voltage between 0V - 0.8V for the 'off' state.
We will look at two ways to achieve this. Firstly with literal switches which are impractical but useful for understanding the concept and then with transistors which are what are actually used in computers.