eolas/zk/Turing_machines.md

---
tags:
  - theory-of-computation
  - Turing
---

## What is a Turing Machine?

Turing Machine is a machine that contains mutable state, executes sequences of
simple instructions that read and write that state, and can pick different
execution paths depending on the state (via conditional branch instructions.)

This is a general expression, it is typically expanded as follows.

The machine consists of an infinitely long tape, that has been divided up into
cells. Each cell can contain either a 1, a 0 or an empty space. Above one cell
of the tape is a head, which can either move left or right, and can read the
symbols written in the cells. The head is also capable of erasing symbols and
writing new symbols into the cells.

![Turing_machines_01.gif](Turing_machines_01.gif)

The direction that the head moves, which values it erases, and which values it
writes in, are dependent on a set of instructions provided to the machine.

Different sets of instructions can be divided into **states.** States are like
sub-routines and can themselves feature as part of instructions.

For example:

### State 2

- If 0 then erase
- Write 1 then move right
- Go to state 5

### State 5

- If 1, then erase
- Write 0 then move left
- Go to state _n_

Alan Turing proved that **any problem that is computable** can be computed by a
Turing Machine using this simple system.