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<!--replace-end-7--><!--replace-end-4--><!--replace-end-1--></head><body><div class="ui fluid container universe"><!--replace-start-2--><!--replace-start-3--><!--replace-start-6--><div class="ui text container" id="zettel-container" style="position: relative"><div class="zettel-view"><article class="ui raised attached segment zettel-content"><div class="pandoc"><h1 id="title-h1">Integrated circuits</h1><p>An integrated circuit (IC) is a single unit that comprises several logic gates designed for the easy construction of <span class="zettel-link-container errors"><span class="zettel-link" title="Wiki-link does not refer to any existing zettel"><a>Digital_circuits</a></span></span>. The terms “integrated circuit” and “chip” are often used interchangeably.</p><p>An IC puts the gates on a single piece of silicon that has electrical contact points called pins. There are two types of pins on an IC: input pins and output pins. Input pins are used to receive signals from other components in the circuit, while output pins are used to send signals to other components. The function of a pin is determined by the connection it has to the rest of the circuit and the type of signal it is intended to transmit or receive.</p><p>The type we will look at are called <strong>dual in-line packages</strong> (DIPs). They are rectangular wth two parallel rows of pins. The pins make it easy to connect DIPs to a breadboard.</p><p><em>An integrated circuit and its use on a breadboard:</em></p><p><img src="/static/integrated-circuit.jpeg" /></p><p><img src="/static/breadboard-DIP.jpg" /></p></div></article><nav class="ui attached segment deemphasized backlinksPane" id="neuron-backlinks-pane"><h3 class="ui header">Backlinks</h3><ul class="backlinks"><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="The_History_of_Computing_Swade.html">History of Computing (Swade, 2022 )</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc">The invention of <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Integrated circuits"><a href="Integrated_circuits.html">integrated_circuits</a></span></span></div></li><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Integrated circuits"><a href="Integrated_circuits.html">integrated_circuits</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li><li><span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link"><a href="Logic_gates.html">Logic gates</a></span></span><ul class="context-list" style="zoom: 85%;"><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital computing. <strong>A logic gate is an electrical circuit that has one or more than one input and only one output.</strong> The input and output points of the gate are <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: Integrated circuits"><a href="Integrated_circuits.html">pins</a></span></span> The input controls the output and the logic determining which types of input (on/off) lead to specific outputs (on/off) is isomorphic with the truth-conditions of the <span class="zettel-link-container errors"><span class="zettel-link" title="Wiki-link does not refer to any existing zettel"><a>Truth-functional_connectives</a></span></span> specifiable in terms of <span class="zettel-link-container errors"><span class="zettel-link" title="Wiki-link does not refer to any existing zettel"><a>Truth-tables</a></span></span>.</p></div></li><li class="item"><div class="pandoc"><p>An example of a composite gate would be a three-way AND. An AND with three inputs rather than the standard two that furnish the elementary AND gate. This gate would output 1 when all three gates have the value 1 and 0 otherwise. <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel: The half adder and full adder"><a href="Half_adder_and_full_adder.html">Adders</a></span></span> and <span class="zettel-link-container cf"><span class="zettel-link" title="Zettel
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